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Aadhaar e-KYC – Online & Offline e-KYC

Having an account in a bank, purchasing SIM cards, mutual funds, or insurance in India anytime within the last decade, you must have come across the term “e-KYC”. At first glance, it may appear complicated; however, the idea is quite simple – rather than filling up physical forms and waiting in long queues with photocopied copies of identification documents, you complete the process online using your Aadhaar number.

In this guide, we will explore what e-KYC actually means, how it works, why it is used, where it is needed, and what you need to keep in mind concerning its potential pitfalls and shortcomings. We will try to explain the topic to you as clearly as if talking to a friend, without assuming any prior knowledge of how the banking or telecom industry functions.

Aadhaar KYC

What is KYC?

Before discussing the “e” part, it may be helpful to know more about KYC in general. In simple terms, KYC stands for “Know Your Customer”. Banks, financial institutions, telecom companies and any other business entities that come under regulatory scrutiny are supposed to carry out KYC procedures in order to allow customers to avail their services.

The basic idea behind this procedure is that the companies have to be sure of whom they are doing business with. The necessity of conducting this process does not lie in any formality but it is primarily done to avoid money laundering, terrorism financing, identity theft and other fraudulent activities. For instance, it will be very easy to misuse the banking system if people could easily open accounts using false identities without any kind of verification.

In general, KYC referred to the physical submission of certain documents such as proof of identity (PAN card or passport), proof of address (utility bill or ration card), and a passport size photograph. All these documents were checked by the bank representative against the original copies, verified, and filed. The process, nowadays called physical KYC to differentiate it from e-KYC, took several days, sometimes even weeks.

What is e-KYC?

E-KYC stands for “electronic Know Your Customer” which is nothing but an online or electronic form of this very KYC process wherein the identity of the customer is confirmed not through any physical document but through information available with the government, mostly through the Aadhaar database of the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI).

In essence, there can be one of the two cases in e-KYC:

Either you provide your Aadhaar number to your service provider such as banks and telecom operators, or

The service provider sends your details to UIDAI’s servers, provided you give your permission for this. This will be done through an OTP to your registered mobile number or even through your fingerprints or iris scan at a verification point.

If all this gets completed successfully, UIDAI will then provide you with your basic demographic details which include your name, address, date of birth, gender, and picture.

The entire process typically takes a few minutes, compared to the days or weeks a manual process might take.

Why Aadhaar Only?

Aadhaar is a 12-digit Unique ID card issued to citizens of India by the Unique Identification Authority of India. It is based on a combination of demographic data, including name, address, and date of birth, along with biometric data such as fingerprints and an image of the eye retina. Since Aadhaar includes practically the entire Indian population and is connected to a digital database, it became the backbone of e-KYC when regulators and businesses started seeking means of faster verification of people’s identities.

Prior to the adoption of Aadhaar-based e-KYC, the process of identity verification relied on physical papers, which were vulnerable to forgery or alteration, and could not be verified quickly, especially if people had moved to other parts of the country. The introduction of biometric data in Aadhaar provided one more stage of verification, virtually impossible to falsify in practice.

Different Types of Aadhaar-Based e-KYC

The Aadhaar-based e-KYC does not have only one variant. Several options have emerged over time for this procedure, partly due to various legal issues and privacy concerns (more about them later).

  1. OTP-Based e-KYC

It is the variant of e-KYC that is used in most cases and is well known to many people. You provide your Aadhaar number and get the one-time password sent to the mobile number that was registered with your Aadhaar card. You enter your OTP and get your identity verified based on it, along with getting your demographics disclosed to the service provider. It is a quick way that does not require any specific equipment except a phone with reception.

Example – ITR Filing Verification, SIM Card Activation

  1. Biometric e-KYC

In this case, instead of OTP, your fingerprint or iris is scanned using a fingerprint or an iris scanner respectively, usually at a particular physical location like a bank or a telecommunications shop. It is perceived as a more reliable form of authentication, as biometric information cannot be duplicated or transferred to someone else compared to OTP.

Example – Direct Benefit Transfer

  1. Offline e-KYC (Using Aadhaar XML/QR)

This was designed specifically to tackle privacy issues. Rather than a company querying UIDAI’s servers directly using your Aadhaar number, you prepare an encrypted and password-protected XML file (or QR code) yourself via the UIDAI website. The file will contain your demographic data but not your Aadhaar number; rather, you will get a masked or reference number in it. You will pass on this file to the relevant people who want to verify your identity without having to query UIDAI’s servers at all.

Example – Bank Account Opening, Mutual Fund e-KYC

Step-by-Step e-KYC process

To make things more concrete, here’s a rundown of how OTP-based e-KYC works, for example, when using a mobile app to open a bank account:

  • You put your Aadhaar number into the app or website.
  • The service provider initiates an authentication request to UIDAI, and asks your permission (you’ll usually see a checkbox for this, or a consent screen).
  • UIDAI sends you an OTP to your mobile phone number registered with your Aadhaar.
  • You enter this OTP back into the app.
  • UIDAI verifies the OTP and authenticates your identity, sending your name, address, date of birth, gender, and photo (not your fingerprint or iris scan data, and, in most consumer-facing instances, not your Aadhaar number either — just your masked Aadhaar number) to the service provider.
  • The service provider automatically fills up your details onto their registration form.
  • You check these details, add any further necessary information, and submit.
  • Your account, SIM, or insurance policy gets activated.
  • In case of biometric KYC, you need to put your finger or biometric in order to do verification.

Advantages of e-KYC

Speed – Processes that earlier took days could now be accomplished within minutes. This would particularly come in handy for instances like SIM activation or opening a bank account, where waiting would not be very practical.

Convenience – Physical visits to branches or offices, carrying photocopies, and having documents attested would no longer be necessary. All of this can be done using one’s smartphone.

Less paper work – There would be less use of printers, less physical storage of confidential documents by firms, and fewer cases of loss or damage of paper work.

Decrease in costs for the firms – Fewer manual processes of verification would mean decreased cost of operation for the banks and other firms, and this, in theory, would result in better customer service or lower fees for the clients.

Decreased identity fraud to some extent – Since it would be difficult to counterfeit Aadhaar biometric data, biometric e-KYC, in particular, provides an additional level of security that paper documents cannot offer.

Financial inclusion – e-KYC has been instrumental in allowing people residing in distant places to open bank accounts and avail themselves of financial products and services without visiting branches.

Conclusion

e-KYC has gradually become one of the most critical infrastructures in India’s financial and telecom domain. It has not only made everyday activities such as bank account opening and activation of SIM cards much easier but has indeed helped in providing access to financial products to those who had difficulty in doing so before.

However, it is important to remember that e-KYC is based on a system that works with very sensitive data related to individuals along with their biometrics, which indeed comes with its own set of risks as well as responsibilities. Having an understanding of the whole procedure and being aware of all your rights, including offline verification, helps you take advantage of these systems in a safer way.

SBI Bank Timings: Opening, Lunch & Closing Hours

SBI Bank is the largest bank in the country belonging to the public sector. The bank has numerous branches and caters to crores of people all over. If you are thinking of making a deposit in the bank or updating your passbook or want to take a loan or complete KYC formalities then having complete information about SBI bank timing will ensure that you don’t have to make a fruitless trip.

This article tells you about SBI bank opening timing, lunch timing, closing timing, Saturday timing, and holidays along with some helpful information.

sbi bank timings

SBI Bank Working Hours

The branches of the SBI generally have a relatively uniform working pattern throughout the nation, although some differences can be seen based on the location of the particular branch, whether urban or rural.

Day Opening Time Closing Time Status
Monday to Friday 9:00 AM – 10:00 AM 4:00 PM – 5:00 PM Open
1st Saturday 9:00 AM – 10:00 AM 4:00 PM – 5:00 PM Open
2nd Saturday Closed
3rd Saturday 9:00 AM – 10:00 AM 4:00 PM – 5:00 PM Open
4th Saturday Closed
5th Saturday (if applicable) 9:00 AM – 10:00 AM 4:00 PM – 5:00 PM Open
Sunday Closed

Timings may vary from one branch to another; hence, it is recommended that you confirm with your local SBI branch or the official website of SBI before visiting the branch.

SBI Opening Time

SBI branches normally open between 9:00 AM to 10:00 AM on working days. Metro branches of SBI, located in cities such as Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Kolkata, and Hyderabad, are more likely to open around 10:00 AM, while smaller branches of SBI operating in towns and semi-urban locations may open from 9:00 AM to 9:30 AM.

In case you want to dodge the crowd, then the period immediately after the opening of the branch will be the ideal choice for you. Customer traffic normally rises gradually in the morning period, thus arriving just at the opening of the branch will reduce waiting time for services like passbook printing and cash deposits.

SBI Lunch Time

There is a misconception that the branches of the bank shut down completely during lunch hours. That is not true because there is no unified lunch break for the entire banking corporation. The employees of the company have staggered lunch breaks, which means that only some counters are closed at different hours of the day.

However, all sources agree on the time frame when the lunch break takes place – from 12:30 pm to 3:00 pm, depending on the branch. During this time:

  • Service can slow down noticeably since fewer staff members are available at the counters.
  • Specialized services like loan processing, locker access, or manager-level approvals may see longer waiting times.
  • Basic transactions like cash withdrawal or deposit usually continue, just at a reduced pace.

Tip: If your work requires attention from a specific bank official or involves paperwork that needs sign-off, try to visit either before 12:30 PM or after 3:00 PM to avoid the lunch-hour slowdown.

SBI Closing Time

The close of business of SBI usually takes place between 4:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. on working days including Saturday. It must be remembered here that customer dealings will be completed around 30 minutes prior to the stated close of business time at the branch due to processing activities required.

In case of any urgent transaction like same day cash deposit or cheque which must be cleared before the cut off time of clearing house, the best thing is to arrive at the branch at least 45 minutes to one hour before close of business time.

Is SBI Open on Saturdays?

Yes, but only on alternate Saturdays. Here’s how it works, based on RBI’s guidelines for scheduled banks across India:

  • 1st Saturday of the month — Open, regular working hours
  • 2nd Saturday of the month — Closed
  • 3rd Saturday of the month — Open, regular working hours
  • 4th Saturday of the month — Closed
  • 5th Saturday (in months that have one) — Generally open, though it’s worth double-checking with your branch

This alternating pattern applies to public and private sector banks across India, not just SBI, and is based on a directive from the Reserve Bank of India. Since the pattern repeats monthly but shifts depending on how the calendar falls, it helps to keep a mental note of which Saturday of the month you’re planning to visit.

Is SBI Open on Sundays?

No. Like virtually all banks in India, SBI branches remain closed on Sundays. If you need to carry out banking tasks on a Sunday, your best options are:

  • YONO SBI app for mobile banking
  • SBI Internet Banking for desktop-based transactions
  • ATMs for cash withdrawal, mini statements, and balance enquiry
  • UPI apps linked to your SBI account for instant transfers

SBI Bank Holidays

Apart from Sundays and the 2nd/4th Saturdays, SBI branches also remain closed on:

  • National holidays (Republic Day, Independence Day, Gandhi Jayanti, etc.)
  • Festival holidays that vary by state (Diwali, Holi, Eid, Christmas, Pongal, Onam, and others)
  • RBI-notified bank holidays, which can differ from state to state

Because festival and regional holidays aren’t uniform across India, a branch in Mumbai might be open on a day when a branch in Kolkata or Chennai is closed for a local festival. It’s best to check the RBI holiday calendar or your specific branch’s notice board before visiting around a holiday period.

SBI Digital Banking: Available Round the Clock

Even though physical branches operate on fixed hours, most everyday banking needs can be handled digitally, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Here’s a quick look at SBI’s digital transaction timings:

NEFT (National Electronic Funds Transfer)

Online NEFT transfers through internet banking, mobile banking, or the YONO app are available round the clock, including weekends and holidays. Branch-based NEFT, on the other hand, follows regular branch hours and is unavailable on non-working days.

RTGS (Real-Time Gross Settlement)

RTGS transactions initiated online are processed continuously, with one important exception: there’s a daily cut-off window, typically between 11:50 PM and 12:30 AM, during which processing is paused for system reconciliation. Branch-based RTGS follows normal working hours and isn’t available on bank holidays.

IMPS (Immediate Payment Service)

IMPS is available 24/7, including on holidays. However, transfer limits can vary depending on the time of day:

  • Between 8:00 AM and 8:00 PM: higher transfer limits typically apply
  • Between 8:00 PM and 8:00 AM: transfer limits are usually reduced as a security measure

UPI

UPI transactions through apps linked to your SBI account work at all times, with no restrictions tied to weekends, holidays, or time of day.

Tips for a Smooth SBI Branch Visit

  1. Visit early. The first hour after opening usually has the shortest queues.
  2. Avoid the lunch window. If your task needs staff attention or approvals, plan around the 12:30 PM–3:00 PM stretch.
  3. Carry documents in advance. Missing paperwork is one of the most common reasons for repeat visits.
  4. Check for local holidays. Regional festivals can catch you off guard if you’re not familiar with the local calendar.
  5. Use digital channels first. Many tasks, balance checks, mini statements, fund transfers, and even some KYC updates, don’t require a branch visit at all.
  6. Call ahead for time-sensitive work. If you need a specific service like locker access or a demand draft, a quick call to confirm the branch’s exact hours can save you a wasted trip.

Frequently Asked Questions

What time does SBI open?

Most SBI branches open between 9:00 AM and 10:00 AM on working days, though exact timing can vary by branch and location.

What time does SBI close?

SBI branches generally close between 4:00 PM and 5:00 PM, with customer transactions often winding down slightly earlier.

What is SBI’s lunch time?

There’s no fixed, bank-wide lunch closure. Staff take staggered breaks, generally falling somewhere between 12:30 PM and 3:00 PM depending on the branch.

Is SBI open on Saturdays?

Yes, on the 1st, 3rd, and (where applicable) 5th Saturdays of the month. The 2nd and 4th Saturdays are non-working days.

Is SBI open on Sundays?

No, all SBI branches remain closed on Sundays.

Can I do banking on a holiday?

Branch services are unavailable on holidays, but digital services like UPI, IMPS, and online NEFT continue to work uninterrupted.

Final Thoughts

The working hours of SBI do not vary much in most parts of India; their working hours are from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM on weekdays and alternate Saturdays, with lunch break hours varying instead of closing the bank. However, slight variations can be expected depending on the city where your branch is located and seasonal holidays. In case you are unsure about the timings of your branch, a phone call or checking out SBI’s official locator will spare you an unnecessary journey. Furthermore, any transactions which do not need you to visit a branch can be made through SBI’s online services all throughout the year.

20 Smallcap Stocks Trading 20% Below Their Recent Highs

The pattern of the markets cycle always involves some stocks which had been performing very well previously but have now been corrected by quite some percentage, thus giving birth to a new watchlist of discounted stocks. Currently, there are 20 small cap stocks which had lost 20% to 26% from their respective peaks being circulated amongst the retail traders.

 The first thing that a responsible investor needs to consider before buying even one share is whether the declining share price is a bargain or a correct pricing of risks by the market.

In this article, we’ll examine the list itself, clarify the meaning of the term “discount from high” as an investing signal, analyze the sectors represented in the list, and finally provide you with a framework to distinguish between bargains and falling knives. The content of this article is purely educational, and it is not a recommendation for investments; smallcap investing has above average risks. Please do your own research or consult a SEBI-registered advisor before investing in any stock.

Midcap Stocks

20 Smallcap Stocks Down 20-26% From Their Highs

No. Stock Name Approx. Discount from High
1 MCX (Multi Commodity Exchange) -20%
2 MTAR Technologies -20%
3 Amara Raja Energy & Mobility -20%
4 Piccadily Agro Industries -20%
5 Lumax Auto Technologies -20%
6 IValue Infosolutions -21%
7 Godawari Power & Ispat -21%
8 ASK Automotive -21%
9 TD Power Systems -22%
10 GE Vernova T&D India -22%
11 Banco Products (India) -22%
12 Tatva Chintan Pharma Chem -23%
13 MosChip Technologies -23%
14 Khazanchi Jewellers -23%
15 P N Gadgil Jewellers -23%
16 Enviro Infra Engineers -24%
17 Lumax Industries -24%
18 Voltamp Transformers -25%
19 Axiscades Technologies -26%
20 Anant Raj -26%

Discount figures are approximate, sourced from a stock screener, and can change daily depending on market movement. Always verify live prices before making any decision.

What “Discount From Recent High” Actually Means

 Stocks that have dropped 20-26 percent off their highs have just become cheaper in terms of price, but they haven’t become cheaper in terms of valuation, which is quite a different thing.

To illustrate this idea, take the case of a stock priced at 40 times its earnings per share (P/E ratio) that drops by 25 percent. Such stocks may be valued at 30 times earnings despite being historically expensive when compared to both their past performance and the rest of the industry. On the other hand, stocks valued at 15 times earnings that fall 10 percent could now be relatively cheap based on their earnings power.

In other words, a stock’s fall from high doesn’t say anything about its fundamental value. It only indicates that the stock has lost some momentum.

Why Do Smallcap Stocks Fall 20%+ From Their Highs?

There are generally three broad categories of reasons a stock corrects sharply from its highs, and figuring out which category a stock falls into is the single most important step before considering an entry.

  1. Broad Market or Sector Rotation

Sometimes an entire sector cools off because of macro factors — interest rate expectations, commodity price cycles, global capex slowdowns, or simply profit booking after a strong rally. Stocks tied to India’s power transmission and capex cycle, for instance, saw a strong run-up over the past couple of years on the back of grid modernization and renewable energy investment themes; a pullback in several power-equipment and transformer names could reflect broader sector cooling rather than company-specific problems.

  1. Company-Specific Fundamental Deterioration

Sometimes a stock falls because something has genuinely gone wrong — slowing revenue growth, margin compression, rising debt, promoter pledging, corporate governance concerns, or a weak quarterly result. In these cases, a lower price is not a discount; it’s the market adjusting expectations downward, and the stock could easily fall further.

  1. Temporary Sentiment-Driven Overreaction

Occasionally, a fundamentally sound business gets caught in a broader smallcap sell-off or a single disappointing quarter that doesn’t reflect its longer-term trajectory. These situations can occasionally represent genuine opportunities, but distinguishing them from category 2 requires real diligence, not just a glance at a screener.

Sector-Wise Breakdown of This List

Looking at the 20 names above, they span several distinct themes, each with its own drivers and risks:

Power, Transmission & Capital Goods: TD Power Systems, GE Vernova T&D India, Voltamp Transformers, and Godawari Power & Ispat fall into this bucket. This sector rallied strongly on India’s power capex and grid-modernization theme; the recent pullback could reflect valuation normalization after a sharp run-up, execution concerns, or order-book timing issues. Order inflow trends and margin trajectory are worth tracking here.

Auto Ancillaries: Lumax Auto Technologies, Lumax Industries, ASK Automotive, and Banco Products represent the auto component space. This sector is closely tied to passenger vehicle and two-wheeler volumes, EV transition capex, and export demand. Weakness here often tracks auto OEM sales data and raw material (aluminum, steel) cost trends.

Energy & Mobility: Amara Raja Energy & Mobility operates in batteries and energy storage — a space under close watch given the shift toward lithium-ion technology and EV adoption, which creates both opportunity and disruption risk for traditional lead-acid battery makers.

Jewellery Retail: Khazanchi Jewellers and P N Gadgil Jewellers are both consumer-facing jewellery retailers. This sector is highly sensitive to gold price volatility, wedding-season demand cycles, and working capital intensity, all of which can drive sharp share price swings independent of underlying store-level performance.

Technology & Engineering Services: MTAR Technologies, MosChip Technologies, Axiscades Technologies, and IValue Infosolutions are technology and precision-engineering names. These businesses often trade on high growth expectations, so even a modest earnings miss or order delay can trigger an outsized price correction.

Specialty Chemicals & Pharma Ingredients: Tatva Chintan Pharma Chem represents the specialty chemicals space, a sector that saw a boom during 2021-22 and has since faced pricing pressure from Chinese competition and normalized demand.

Infrastructure & Real Estate: Anant Raj and Enviro Infra Engineers are tied to real estate and infrastructure/water treatment themes, sectors sensitive to interest rates, execution timelines, and government capex cycles.

Exchanges & Diversified: MCX, India’s leading commodity derivatives exchange, and Piccadily Agro Industries (spirits/agri) round out the list with more idiosyncratic, business-specific stories.

A Practical Checklist Before Buying Any “Discounted” Smallcap

Rather than buying based on the size of the discount alone, run each stock through a structured filter:

  1. Why did it fall? Read the last two quarterly earnings call transcripts or management commentary. Was there a specific trigger — a margin miss, order cancellation, regulatory issue — or is the fall part of a sector-wide move?
  2. Check valuation, not just price. Compare current P/E, P/B, and EV/EBITDA multiples against the stock’s own 3-5 year historical average and against sector peers. A stock “down 25%” that’s still trading above its historical average multiple isn’t necessarily cheap.
  3. Look at earnings growth trajectory. Is revenue and profit growth decelerating, flat, or still intact? A falling price alongside falling earnings estimates is a red flag, not an opportunity.
  4. Assess balance sheet health. Check debt-to-equity trends, interest coverage, and working capital cycles — especially important for capex-heavy sectors like power equipment and capital-intensive businesses like jewellery retail.
  5. Watch promoter and institutional activity. Rising promoter pledging, insider selling, or FII/DII outflows alongside a price decline can signal deeper concerns than what’s visible on the surface.
  6. Understand sector cyclicality. Auto ancillaries, chemicals, and capital goods are cyclical businesses. A 20-26% drop may simply reflect a cyclical trough rather than a permanent value opportunity — timing matters as much as valuation.
  7. Size your position appropriately. Smallcaps are inherently more volatile and less liquid than largecaps. Even a fundamentally sound idea deserves a smaller position size, given the wider range of possible outcomes.

Discount Screeners Are a Starting Point, Not a Strategy

Such lists are valuable in coming up with ideas as they provide a stock that has made a significant move and deserves more attention. However, seeing the “20% off” label as an automatic buying point fails to take the most critical aspect of investing: conducting independent research on the stock to see if the business warrants being priced above its market level.

Smallcap stocks, by definition, are highly volatile, less covered by analysts, have low liquidity, and are more susceptible to company-specific as well as general market trends. In that regard, the spread between potential outcomes, whether recoveries or drops, is much wider than in the case of largecap stocks.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is a stock down 20% from its high always a good buying opportunity?

No. A price decline only tells you the stock is cheaper than before — not that it is undervalued relative to its business fundamentals. Some declines are justified by deteriorating fundamentals.

What’s the difference between “fall from high” and “value investing”?

Value investing involves comparing a company’s price to metrics like earnings, book value, and cash flows to judge whether it’s genuinely undervalued. Falling from a high is purely a price-momentum observation and doesn’t account for valuation at all.

Are smallcap stocks riskier than largecap stocks?

Generally, yes. Smallcaps tend to have lower liquidity, less analyst coverage, higher earnings volatility, and can see sharper price swings in both directions compared to largecap, more established companies.

Should I consult a financial advisor before investing in these stocks?

Yes. This article is for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute investment advice. Since individual circumstances, risk tolerance, and financial goals vary, consulting a SEBI-registered investment advisor is recommended before making any investment decisions.

Conclusion

The 20 smallcap stocks in this list — spanning power equipment, auto ancillaries, jewellery, technology, chemicals, and infrastructure — have each corrected 20-26% from their recent highs. Some of these declines may reflect temporary sector rotation or sentiment-driven overreaction; others may reflect genuine, ongoing fundamental challenges. The percentage discount alone cannot tell you which is which.

The smarter approach is to use this list as a research starting point: dig into each company’s recent earnings, valuation history, balance sheet, and sector dynamics before drawing any conclusions. In investing, price is what you pay — but value is something you have to work out for yourself.

What are Unlisted Shares? How does it work?

In case you have been interacting with Indian investors recently, then chances are high that at least one person would have talked to you about buying shares from a company “before it goes public”. The name of the pre-IPO fintech companies, popular e-commerce firms, or known private manufacturers will definitely be mentioned here. What we’re discussing in such cases is generally the world of investment in unlisted shares.

In this article, we will define the concept of unlisted shares, explain the procedure of trading in them, reasons behind some companies not going public for years, risks involved, their valuation, and taxation process in an easy-to-understand way.

Unlisted Shares

What are unlisted shares precisely?

Any organization issuing shares divides its ownership into smaller units. If the ownership units get listed on an exchange, which, in the case of Indian stock exchanges, is either the BSE or the NSE, then the shares are known as listed shares. All one needs for buying and selling such shares is a demat account and trading application and they can execute trades instantly during the stock market hours.

Unlisted shares are quite different from this. They belong to companies whose stocks have not been listed on any stock exchanges. The fact that a stock is unlisted does not mean that the company is not legitimate or that it is unsuccessful because many unlisted companies have a lot of success and business behind them. It simply means that there has been no listing of these shares on a stock exchange yet.

As there is no role of an exchange in an unlisted share transaction, the process of trading these shares becomes quite different from conventional stock trading. There is no price discovery system, order matching system, and no certainty of a buyer or seller being available when you want one.

The Three Categories of Unlisted Companies

There are different types of unlisted companies and they can be sorted into three main groups.

  1. Strictly private companies. These are all kinds of businesses from a family-owned manufacturing company to a rapidly developing start-up firm which has never issued its stocks to the general public nor plans to do it anytime soon. Stocks of these companies belong to founders, early employees and a few investors including angels and venture capital firms.
  2. Companies getting ready for an IPO (pre-IPO companies). This is an advanced group of private firms which are going to go public and release an Initial Public Offering sometime in the nearest future. Since there is real expectation concerning the debut of these companies on the stock exchange, their stocks attract the biggest interest of investors who try to enter the game at the beginning.
  3. Delisted companies. Delisted firms refer to those that traded previously in an exchange but later got delisted from the exchange due to various reasons, which include voluntarily, where the promoters buyout all public shares to make the firm private once again, or involuntarily, due to non-compliance with listing and accounting practices in the exchange.

How the Unlisted Share Market Really Works?

As the deal-making is not carried out at any centralized market place, it is useful for you to know the real mechanism of this process.

But Who Actually Owns These Shares?

The ownership of unlisted shares belongs to a relatively small circle of people: founders, ESOP shareholders (employees of the company who got stocks as a part of employee stock ownership plan) and institutional shareholders such as venture capital or private equity funds, as well as individual angel investors who contributed money to the company in its early days.

Though such companies do not need to fulfill the requirements of constant and ongoing disclosure imposed on listed companies, they cannot operate in a legal vacuum – they are obliged to adhere to provisions of the Companies Act, submit returns in accordance with the Companies Act to the Registrar of Companies from the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, to follow taxation laws and if applicable – to follow regulations of FEMA. In case of initial public offering, the rules of SEBI will apply.

Price Determination

This may well be the most significant mental change for someone accustomed to normal equity trading. In an exchange, the price of a share is determined through the competition of thousands of buyers and sellers in real-time. However, in an unlisted stock market, there is no such process. Rather, it is the process where a buyer and seller (with an intermediary sometimes involved) simply negotiate a price between each other.

In essence, two individuals could end up purchasing stocks of the same company on the very same day at a significantly different price depending on the negotiation, the desperation of the seller to get out or the urgency of the buyer to enter the deal. The factors that influence the price are the valuation of the company during its last round of funding, rumors of its planned initial public offering, investor appetite and scarcity of available stock, among others.

How does the Transfer Occur Practically?

Although these unlisted shares are not traded in any exchange market, they are kept in demat accounts, similar to the ones maintained by listed shares in depositories such as NSDL/CDSL.

Following is the simple transfer process:

Buyer and seller (through their broker) decide on the cost of the transaction and the number of shares to be traded.

The Share Purchase Agreement (SPA) is signed, which outlines the agreement between the parties.

Instructing their Depository Participant (DP) through Delivery Instruction Slip (DIS) or online facility, the seller requests to transfer the shares.

This transfer occurs directly from the seller’s demat account to that of the buyer. The off-market transfer happens when the transfer occurs outside of the exchange settlement system.

Once confirmed by the depository, the shares get credited to the buyer.

Conclusion

Indeed, trading in unlisted shares gives one an opportunity to invest in the exciting world of promising private companies at the early stages – but it comes with a completely different risk level compared to conventional stock market investments. With lower liquidity, reduced information flow, and pricing done through negotiations rather than on the market, investing in unlisted shares requires patience and thorough research much more than promptness and decisiveness.